Occupational Therapy In The Uk Health And Social Care Essay

This treatment of wellness demands will be based on Susan Como and structured in essay signifier, get downing with a brief debut to her and her household. Susan Como is a married 21 twelvemonth old adult female. As a kid she suffered minor afflictions ( eczema and Mumps ) which appear non to be prolonged or damaging to her long-run wellness so I am traveling to concentrate on her wellness from the twelvemonth 2000. In 2001 Susan suffered from repeated thorax infections which will non be disregarded as a minor affliction yet does non use in relation to the context of this treatment as it was many old ages ago and does non look to be afflicting her any more, although relentless unwellness can be a precursor to depression ( Fox, 2008 ) which she began enduring from after she gave birth to Billy in 2003. The gestation and birth caused no complications, nevertheless she was diagnosed with postpartum depression the same twelvemonth and has suffered from important clinical depression of all time since. Billy is now 4 old ages old and has been diagnosed with planetary developmental hold. Susan is married to Saul, whom she perceives herself to be really near to, although her household do non look to O.K. of him. Her hubby Saul works really long hours, and likes to pass the clip he is non working socialization and imbibing intoxicant, and provides her with really small in the manner of support, with respects to rearing. This makes Susan the primary health professional of Billy, and he has been described as â€Å" clingy † , the premise being that this term is used to intend excessively attached to his female parent and highly emotional and distressed at their separation. The forenoons Billy spends at baby's room are difficult for Susan as she finds it hard to make full her clip and delaies for him to return place once more. Billy is due to get down go toing full yearss at school shortly, which is traveling to give Susan even more clip to make full. Though at times her depression has been managed by medicine and cognitive behavioral therapy, Susan is presently sing an addition in depressive symptoms and is frightened she may go really badly once more due to the absence of Billy when he is at school all twenty-four hours. Susans wellness demands in relation to occupational therapy are traveling to be the chief focal point of this essay. It is historically logical that occupational therapy rules be applied to mental wellness jobs as that is where the foundations of occupational therapy as it is known today began. Elizabeth Casson ( 1881-1954 ) a outstanding figure in the debut of occupational therapy to the UK began with incorporating pattern into a residential unit for female psychiatric patients, Dorset House in Bristol. The first school of occupational therapy was attached to Dorset House which opened in 1930 ( Creek, 2008, pp.11-12 ) and all work within the field of occupational therapy in the UK stems from this ( Long & A ; Cronin-Davis, 2006 ) . Throughout the history of occupational therapy, there have been shifts in the manner it is taught, applied and theorised, with the focal point being on different paradigms. However, since the 1970 ‘s the focal point of occupational therapy has returned to its core belief: that business should be at the Centre of occupational therapy. ( Molineux, 2004 ) . Occupational therapy is defined by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists as â€Å" a client-centred wellness profession concerned with advancing wellness and good being through business † ( WFOT, accessed 08/10/10 ) . There are, nevertheless, many different definitions of occupational therapy and no individual definition to embrace all that occupational therapy does. The implicit in premise is that if people are given meaningful and purposeful businesss to make full their clip, it is contributing to a better province of physical and mental wellness, and a better quality of life. Definitions are debatable in themselves as they need farther definitions to clear up the term which they encompass, such as business. Wilcock ( 1998 ) defines business as â€Å" All purposeful human activity † , the focal point on this definition so inquiries what is meant by meaningful and purposeful? The activity must hold important significance for the client and be directed towards a end for the client that will help them in their day-to-day lives. A0TA ( 2002 ) expands this thought to integrate leting a client to heighten their occupational battle, intending to utilize the accomplishments they have in order to portion in an activity. In Susans instance, it would be unpointed giving her a ‘meaningless ‘ business such as doing a cup of tea, this would non profit her wellness or well-being at all as her unwellness does non forestall her ability to do a cup of tea. A more worthwhile business could be practising assertiveness or assurance, to talk up when she needs aid from her hubby. This would keep a batch more significance and intent to Susan. Occupational therapy focuses on spread outing the accomplishments the client already has and habilitating the accomplishments that would be good to their day-to-day lives and which they agree has great intent in their lives. Most definitions of occupational therapy focal point on the human usage of business. Occupational scientific discipline is the name given to the survey of worlds as occupational existences ( Yerxa, 2000 ) saying that worlds need to carry through businesss in their life. Wilcock ( 1993 ) outlined three major maps of business throughout history. These involved fulfilling immediate demands such as self-care and shelter, developing accomplishments and engineering to last ( against marauders, for illustration ) and keeping and developing the being. A theory linked to this thought is the 1 of temporal version. Creek ( 2003 ) negotiations about the issue of temporal version ( intending the manner people use their clip ) and the negative impact on the encephalon of non being meaningfully occupied. Harmonizing to this theory, if Susan does non do good usage of the clip she is entirely when Billy is at school and is merely sitting making nil, or waiting to pick him up as she has been, her ence phalon can steal into a province of confusion ; it will non be working as population norms would propose it should and could go forth her highly vulnerable to cognitive disfunction. As she has a history of depression and is already disquieted about her depression acquiring worse when Billy returns to school, Susan is at great hazard of this go oning therefore it is pertinent she should hold her occupational demands identified and addressed. Harries ( 2009 ) wrote an article about a adult female who suffered from anxiousness jobs. In relation to utilizing her clip efficaciously she negotiations of maintaining her head and organic structure stimulated in order to battle her anxiousness and stating that when she is non stimulated and there is non every bit much busying her head, the anxiousness can increase once more. Although Susan does non endure from anxiousness jobs, there could be some analogues between her depression and the anxiousness in this illustration ; symptoms of both app ear to increase with the deficiency of business. The deductions of this theory can non be to the full supported though ; although many people feel the demand to be active or occupied, this can non be generalised to all worlds. For illustration, speculation could be classed as non physically exciting the encephalon or carry throughing an activity as such yet it is considered both meaningful and purposeful. Occupational individuality involves how you see and separate yourself through the businesss in your life ( Kielhofner, 2009 ) . For illustration, if person plays tennis they may see their individuality as ‘a tennis participant ‘ . It can be assumed from the grounds stated that Susan views herself as a married woman, a girl, a grand-daughter, a female parent. As she does non look to hold any other close relationships and the familiarities she does hold go around around her boy and female parents of his friends, it can be assumed these occupational individualities are the chief 1s in her life. She does non look to hold any avocations or activities outside her place so her individuality is limited to strictly household relationships. Susan has identified the issue of non being able to make full her clip when Billy is at baby's room and her occupational individualities are non linked to involvement in any activities or businesss other than related to her household life. As he r hubby spends long hours working or socializing she does non even have much contact with any grownups in a societal manner and she spends a batch of her clip isolated with Billy. Social inclusion is a major factor in the country of mental wellness ; people enduring from mental wellness jobs are the most at-risk group for experiencing excluded from society and societal inclusion is by and large believed to better mental wellness and well-being ( LeBoutillier & A ; Croucher, 2010 ) . Social inclusion is defined as: â€Å" A virtuous circle of improved rights of entree to the societal and economic universe, new chances, recovery of position and significance and decreased impact of disablement † ( Sayce, 2000, p122 ) . Social exclusion has many deductions for occupational therapy, and occupational therapy can be instrumental in helping societal inclusion. Lack of meaningful businesss can take to societal exclusion, and societal exclusion can intend the person has a deficiency of resources to transport out their coveted businesss, due to occupational unfairness. Molineux ( 2004 ) negotiations of the construct of occupational justness ; intending entree to businesss, are non restricted in any manner to the person ; without societal inclusion, a individual may non hold certain engineering or resources to manus in order to carry through their coveted businesss. Activities of day-to-day life ( ADL ) mostly act as barriers to societal inclusion, such as self-care functions and modus operandis. If persons self attention is missing and they become unkempt, this may take to stigmatization of the person which may take to exclusion from any societal circle. If Susan focuses much clip or does non pass adequate clip on her self-care this could hold been a barrier to her societal inclusion. Occupational therapy could assist her recognize the demand to set or accommodate her self-care function in order to help in perchance spread outing her societal circle. Habits and modus operandis can besides be a barrier to societal inclusion, if person has a really rigorous modus operandi they may non be able to accommodate to a societal circle that have their ain functions and modus operandis which may hold clip struggles. Habits and modus operandis can besides be said to be a barrier to occupational balance. Occupational balance involves a healthy balance of ego attention, productiveness, leisure clip and rest/sleep ( Turner et al, 2002 ) . Susan spends the bulk of her clip with her boy Billy, or clean uping the house when he is at baby's room. She besides visits household members. The clip she spends with household and clean uping the house can be classed as productive in a sense, that in disburseme nt clip with her household she has achieved something ( she is non sitting at place merely ‘waiting ‘ to pick Billy up ) and it has kept her meaningfully occupied, although this is personal to Susan and other people may non see it really productive. Self attention, remainder and slumber are countries in which premises can non be drawn based on Susan, her medical notes and other information do non relay any cognition about these countries. However, leisure is one country in Susans life that is badly deficient and this could be interrupting her occupational balance. She spends her clip with Billy, household, or clean uping the house and waiting for Billy to return ; she has no personal avocations, involvements or mercantile establishments in which to impart her energies or balance against what she already does. However, occupational therapy is really much focused on client-centred pattern, intending a partnership between the healer and the client. An occupational healer wo uld necessitate to run an initial appraisal on Susan to reap whether she considers leisure activities to be meaningful and good although in this instance it could be assumed she would as she is worried about the province of her mental wellness when Billy starts traveling to school full-time. If she did non, or she considered seeing her household as leisure clip and felt she was balanced in the activities in her life this must be respected, as occupational therapy utilises a client-centred attack. Client-centred pattern involves a working partnership between healer in client to hold on wellness demands and intercessions together. For the healer to do all the determinations without affecting the client would be really bad pattern ( except in instances where the client is deemed to be unable to do determinations ; in which instance the healer still acts in the clients involvement ) . Physical inaction could besides be described as a wellness demand in this context ; aerophilic exercising has been found to better temper for people with depression in a short sum of clip ( Dimeo et al, 2001 ) . Blumenthal et Al ( 1999 ) found that a specific dosage of aerophilic exercising for patients with depression showed a decrease or complete remittal of depressive symptoms. This survey besides showed that the dosage of aerophilic exercising had the same rates of response and remittal as antidepressant medicine and cognitive behavioral therapy. Physical activity is shown to cut down depressive symptoms in people with depression so possibly the fact that Susan does endure from depression but does non acquire any physical exercising can refer to it being a wellness demand instead than an intercession. Physical inaction can increase the hazard of many wellness jobs such as bosom disease, shot, diabetes and certain malignant neoplastic diseases ( WHO, 2010 ) besides foregrounding i t as a specific wellness demand. Physical activity is besides a good manner to spread out your societal life and make full your clip which is a great manner to battle some effects of depression ( Williams, 2009 ) which could help in the other demands of Susan, such as her occupational individuality and occupational balance. In decision, the chief wellness demands of Susan involve her deficiency of societal activities and societal inclusion, her demand to make full her clip with meaningful businesss, physical inaction and possibly a support web outside of her household. There is a batch of support available for people with mental wellness jobs, or kids with particular demands outside of occupational therapy, such as MIND, a mental wellness charity in England ; DirectGov, a authorities tally association with many drivers, one being towards support for particular instruction demands where Susan could acquire a batch of rearing support and run into other parents in the same state of affairs, and rearing support groups for kids with larning troubles run by the NHS across the state, such as The Maze ( Extra Support For Families, 2010 ) . Aside from these national support webs, occupational therapy could be an highly good intercession to the wellness demands of Susan. NICE ( 2010 ) guidelines for the intervent ion of depression province that a structured programme of activities is recommended for persistent or mild to chair depression, either entirely or alongside other psychosocial intercessions. An appropriate theoretical account to use to utilize in measuring and working with Susan could be the Model of Human Occupation ( Kielhofner, 2008 ) which would look at Susans will ( how she feels about the businesss she undertakes ) , addiction ( how she regulates her modus operandis and forms of behavior, and the functions in which she sees herself ) and public presentation capacity ( how able Susan is to carry through her current and future businesss based on her organic structure and cognitive abilities ) . This along with the other administrations mentioned could turn to her wellness demands and aid to spread out her occupational individuality and better her occupational balance and quality of life.

Media on Children

At an early age books, movies, television, and the Internet influence how our children think and act in a variety of ways. As children grow these media influences become even more powerful. The media influences on children is not always a good influence and parents need to counteract this influence by discussing and monitoring what their children are exposed to. The media often stereotypes people and races. Most children's programming deals in absolutes reinforcing the idea that people are good or bad, stupid or smart and because of their inexperience children will latch onto stereotypes that they see. Parents can counteract this stereotyping by commenting when a group is portrayed inaccurately. Let your children know for example that every blond isn't stupid, and wearing black doesn't make you a bad guy. Point out that everyone has good and bad traits. So, often in the media a character is either good or bad, but in real life this is not the case. The media uses its influence on children to market items and influence your child's desires making them think that they need certain items to be popular or cool. My children often comment on things that they saw in commercials. The other day my son told me that I should get a kitchen chopper, because it can cut things up so much faster than I can using a knife. I replied that I don't need a kitchen chopper because a knife works just fine. Every year children influence their parents spending by convincing them to buy things that the media has portrayed as â€Å"cool†. Children recognize name-brand products at an early age because they see them in the media. My children recognized the McDonalds sign by age three even though we never eat there, because they saw commercials on television. Counteract the marketing by pointing out the faulty logic in commercials. Ask your child if they really think having the latest toy will make them more popular or happy. Children often don't realize that a Barbie won't move around like it does on the commercials or that the elaborate set doesn't come with the toy. Parents can teach their children that things do not equal happiness. Try rewarding with praise and time instead of objects. My children know that they don't get what they see on television and they rarely ask. Life on many television shows and movies is far from normal. They often glamorize potentially destructive behaviors like drinking, drugs, affairs, and intimate teen relationships. As a parent you can counteract the media's influence by pointing out how the actions of the people on screen are potentially dangerous. Alcohol commercials never show the hangovers the next day. Rarely does a teenage girl get pregnant or someone contract a sexually transmitted disease in the media. Research done by both RAND and the University of North Carolina also shows that teenagers who are exposed to more sex talk and acts in the media are more likely to engage in those same behaviors themselves. Dr. Brown, one of the researchers says, â€Å"Teens are defaulting to entertainment media for sexual information because they aren't getting this information in other places. Unfortunately, the media aren't the best sex educators. The media tend to leave out the crucial three C's: commitment, contraception and consequences. † The study on media influence on children also pointed out that parents could have a greater impact on their teen's sexual behavior than the media when they talk about it. Taking the time to discuss the things that our children view in the media will ensure that they are learning the things that we want them to and not the lessons that the media might be teaching thus avoiding negative influence of media.

The Other Side of Truth Summary

The story begins in Nigeria, with the death of Femi and Sade’s mother. She was killed byagents of the corrupt government, the â€Å"Brass Buttons†, to force Folarin Solaja, thechildren’s father, to stop writing for Speak , an uncensored newspaper. The children thenhave to flee the country, where they are not safe. Their Uncle Tunde arranges for themto be smuggled to London, where their Uncle Dele lives, with Mrs Bankole. Their fathershould then join them there.However, instead of finding the hoped-for safety, they areabandoned by Mrs Bankole in the middle of London, a strange city they know nothingabout. When they are found by the police, they are put into the care of Mrs Graham. Theymeet Jenny, Mama Appiah and Mr. Nathan, who try their best to help them by gettingthe children temporarily admitted in England, and by finding a new foster family forthem: Gracie and Roy King. Sade had to lie to officials about their name so as to no gether father into trouble, and t he kindness displayed by the adults makes her feel guiltyabout her lies.She is also sad about Femi’s sulliness, and feels very homesick. Matters don’t improve on her first day in her new school; she feels lost in the Englisheducation system, much less harsh and demanding with students than in Nigeria. Eventhough she finds friendship and understandingwithMariam, a fellow refugee, and MrMorris, the English teacher, she starts getting bullied by Marcia, and her gang. She isforced to steal a lighter for them, for example, in Mariam’s uncle’s store, somethingthat she feels very guilty about.She starts dreading going to school, as she doesn’tknow how to deal with bullies. One day, Mama Appiah arrives at the house with good news: she has found the children’sfather, who managed to get into England thanks to a false passport. However, he was puttaken to a Detention Centre because he didn’t ask for political asylum, because he was soworried abo ut his children. The Nigerian Police then announce that he is wanted for themurder of his wife. Desperate, Sade and Femi decide to try and meet a television reporter.

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Evaluation Research - Essay Example An examination of these types would lead to a better understanding of the overall importance of evaluation research as well as the impact it has on the implementation of various government programs. The first type of evaluation research is one which evaluates a process. For example, in the health industry the process by which a person gets admitted to a hospital in a given location could be evaluated through research, case studies, interviews and then policy makers could be given advice as to how the process can be improved (ACT Health Promotion, 2002). The satisfaction level of the people using the services provided concerning their health, as well as the reach of a program connected with public health improvement could both be evaluated through process evaluation to give public officials a better picture of how successful or unsuccessful a policy is. Evaluation research can be carried out by both public and private organizations as the focus of the research is to try and improve the processes involved in the health services industry. The next level of evaluation research focuses on the impact which a certain policy or a certain mandate has on the delivery of services (Kann et. al. 1995). In the context of health services, suppose a policy was created by which only doctors who had been trained in Australia were allowed to practice medicine and any doctor or nurse who had a foreign qualification was simply barred from working in Australia. The impact of such a policy could be quite severe and could even be negative as Australian doctors could be barred from practicing elsewhere in the world. Other policies, such as making sure that the ambulance which carries a person to the hospital for emergency treatment would also carry them back may have a positive or negative impact and these can only be determined through evaluation research which looks at the real impact of a policy. Impact evaluation often

MobilephonesPrinciples of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MobilephonesPrinciples of Marketing - Essay Example The formal product in mobile phone is comprised of the brand, the product code which differentiates it from other phones, the design, the packaging, the batteries and headsets which are also included together with the other features and enhancements. Recognizing the other needs of individuals aside from communication which can be integrated into the mobile phone, manufacturers continue to innovate and enhance it with new features. Starting from the core use of as a telephone, mobile phones are now also integrated with cameras, televisions, videos, calculators, planners, alarm clocks, music composers, MP3 players, flashlights, and others. These augmented features add value to the customers allowing them to use this gadget in more ways than making and receiving calls. Also, the augmented product is now tailored in order to suit the lifestyle of an individual. Thus, a mobile phone which features a higher resolution camera can be marketed to a person who is fond of taking photographs. A music lover will want to have a mobile phone with MP3 player which allows him or her to listen to his/her favorite songs while on the go. The first advertisement for a mobile phone was launched by Centel in 1989 featuring the flexibility and convenience of having a mobile phone. The succeeding commercials went beyond Centel's slogan of "Where people connect" by highlighting the new features of mobile phone. Philips targets customers by stressing that mobile phone a way to "engage" one's senses. The fast obsolescence of technology in the mobile phone industry makes manufacturers very keen in bringing state of the art technology in the market before other competitor does. Thus, most of the advertisements are geared towards capturing customers by stressing that the newly launched product is most advanced. Companies also try to appeal to the lifestyle of customers through its commercials. The commercial of Sera phone emphasizes that users of their phone are beautiful and sexy. Still other commercials are geared towards capturing the culture of the customers to be family oriented like the ones used by Nokia in the Philippine market. Also, mobile phone companies are designing products which appeals to one target group. The age of a person becomes a determinant of the type of mobile phone that he or she needs. The capacity of a mobile phone to cater to two SIM cards is geared toward individuals who want to have a different number for business and personal purposes. Thus, mobile phone is also marketed as a way of managing the complicacies of work and family life as well as gives privacy to users. Advertisements are now also infused with humorous sentiment blending technology with the natural tendencies of man. As a user of mobile phone, I can say that almost all advertisements for mobile phones are appealing considering that manufacturers are now targeting buyers through different medium and tailoring the message according to their demographics and lifestyle. APPENDIX Advert 1. http://www.cellular-news.com/tv_commercials/#http://www.cellular-news.com/tv_commercials/videos/Romania_Zapp/zie_2004_god.swf Advert 2. http://www.youtube.com/watchv=ptbJZ9HBw2k Advert 3. http://www.youtube.com/watchv=G4iGrdYAG8w Advert 4. http://www.youtube.com/watchv=K3ye7Ok8dgc Advert 5. http://www.youtu

The attitudes of Christianity Essay Example for Free

The attitudes of Christianity Essay Islam and Christianity share a lot of similarities and differences. One of the most important similarities that they share is that they are both universal religions. Both Islam and Christianity are monotheistic religions, believing in only one god, which is also believed by some religions researchers to be the same god, but referred with different nominatives. In the Christian religion it is referred to as Christ and in the Islam religion it is referred to as Allah. They do not only share these little similarities, but much more: like the beginning of the religions. In both holy books: the Bible for Christians and the Quran for Muslims, it is described the creation of the earth in the very firsts chapters. The Bible, as the Quran states that Christ created the world in six days; in the other hand the Quran states the same thing, but using the nominative of Allah instead than Christ. As time advanced many differences born between Christianity and Islam. Christianity and Islam looked at merchants and trade form different points of views. With the years, the views of both religions of trade and merchants have altered in positive and negative ways. During the early years of Christianity, trade was not viewed in a positive way, but it was more considered like an obstacle that would stand and block the bridge linking a person to heaven. In fact as we can see Document 1 states that being wealthy would place you further away from God and consequently, further away from Gods kingdom. a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. Being wealthy was thought of negatively by the New Testament, possibly meaning that earning a lower income would draw you nearer to God. In Christianity trade was seen depending on how the merchant was going to use the profit, because there are two prospective to see trade. The negative way; which is the one stated in Document1 is when someone trades with the purpose not to benefits other people, but to benefit himself with the profit. The other way, which is different is the positive way, is much  different because is the one where a merchant trades not only for benefit himself, but also to benefit others; donating part of the profit. Only in this way trade wouldnt be an obstacle in the bridge linking the person to heaven; but instead it would be a sort of shortcut. In fact Document 3, which describes the life of a twelfth-century British wealthy merchant named St. Godric, shows that there is a positive and negative way in which Christ looks at trade. Godric, after named St. Godric, was one of the firsts to understand the ways in which Christ looks at trade because even know that the Bible, or the word of Christ, stated that a wealthy man would hardly go to heaven, St. Godric proceeded trading. But he devoted himself to God, during his reteriment, using his wealth in charities, and aiding the poor people. He sold all his possessions and distributed them among the poor. For above all things he coveted the life of a hermit. This example shows that trade is not done only for personal benefits but that it is also done for the benefits of others, such as the poor and the sick people. During the seventh century Islam viewed merchants and trade in a positive way in fact many Muslims were traders or merchants traveling around the known world selling or trading their home goods, and so spreading the Islam culture and religion. Islam supports trade, but until a certain level. In fact Document 2, which is a part of the Muslims holy book, the Quran, instructs merchants how to trade lawfully and truthfully. If the two parties speak the truth and make it manifest, their transaction shall be blessed, and if they conceal and tell a lie, the blessing of their transaction shall be obliterated. On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith This quote shows that merchants and traders were supported by the Quran, and so by the Islam religion, as long as they traded honestly between each other. In conclusion the Islam religion supported the Muslims merchants and allowed them to trade as long as they did not steal from each other and were honest. Christianity has changed over the centuries. The radical changed is that Christians now accept trade in a positive way, but must be done accordingly.  In Document 4, Thomas Aquinas, a leading Scholastic theologian of 1273, almost 1100 years after Document 1 was written, describes how to trade in the way that Christ will accept it. As we have seen in Document 1, Matthew states that a merchant should not sell something to another man for more than it is worth. All thingswhatsoever you would that men should do to you do you also to them. In the opposite hand, Thomas Aquinas is tring to interpret that message by saying that trade is allowed as long as the merchant doesnt cheat its costumer or sells things that are not of his property. During that period people started thinking differently because at the early years of Christianity people so trade in a negative way; while during the thirteenth century people started thinking that Christ influenced people to trade and that with his presence their trading will go well; and so we can conclude that a new similarity between Islam and Christianity born, because according to Document 2 Muslims could trade as long as they were honest between each other. Also Document 6 supports the fact that a radical changed occurred because, one of the merchants states in a letter: With God always before us, we will carry out your bidding. Christianitys views on trade and merchants have changed from being condemned, to being used for daily life. Also Islams views about trade and merchants got better with the years, because the Muslims like the Christians made it a daily occupation; and infact in document 5 Ibn Khaldun mainly writes about the importance of trade and making profit. This is a sign of change because in Document 2 it states that you shouldnt sell something for more than it is worth. Islam, as Christianity, has not followed the writings of the Quran. This is another similarity between the two universal religions that shows that the two religions are very alike. Document 7, which describes a problem that had occurred during a trade transaction, shows that a negative change occurred in Muslims merchants: they started to think to much about the profit that hey were going to make, and so forgot the writings in the Quran. Both Christianity and Islam have changed over time, due to scholars who thought openly to the New Testament and the Quran. Since trade in both of  the religions had started off at different paces and different starting points, their views on trade and merchants turned out different. Overall, Christianitys development was more righteous and more realistic than the development of Islam. Christianity and Islam have altered because of different perspectives of scholars of their religions and due to the requirement and changes of the market. To better understand the development of trade according to Christianity, I would need an additional document that describes if the Christians merchants took advantage of the situations to cheat on their costumers or if they respected the new developments: trade was allowed as long as the merchants were honest between each other. If I would have the opportunity to have that document I could make a final affirmation about the developments of Christianity from the early years until 1500 C.E.

Business Plan Of Innovative Green Product Marketing Essay

Business Plan Of Innovative Green Product Marketing Essay The coconut crop is grown in 14.3 million hectares of land which constituted about 1.1 per cent of net crop area of the world. And annual output is around 13.3 billion coconut nuts in the India. In 1000 hectares of land approximately 1,47,000 trees can be planted and which can give 23 million coconuts. India contributes about 15.46 per cent in area and 21 per cent in terms of production of coconut in the world. The coconut crop is grown in eighteen States and three Union Territories. It is concentrated on the West Coast region of the country comprising the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, followed by East Coast of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Pondicherry. The coconut cultivation areas also traditionally located in the coastal region of Gujarat, Goa, West Bengal, Islands of Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Kerala is considered as the land of coconut and holds the key for the development of coconut. Coconut Development Board CDB is a main organization for the expansion and development of coconut industry. It is the main body which is attached to the coconut industry. Coconut Development Board is a statutory body established by the Government of India for the integrated development of coconut production and utilization in the country with focus on productivity increase and product diversification. The Board which came into existence on 12th January 1981, functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, with its Headquarters at Kochi in Kerala and Regional Offices at Bangalore in Karnataka, Chennai in Tamil Nadu and   Guwahati in Assam. There are six State Centres situated at Bhubaneswar in Orissa, Calcutta in West Bengal, Patna in Bihar, Thane in Maharashtra, Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and Port Blair in the Union Territory of Andaman Nicobar Islands. FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD Imparting technical advice to those engaged in coconut cultivation and industry. Providing financial and other assistance for the expansion of area under coconut. Encouraging adoption of modern technologies for processing of coconut and its products. Adopting measures to get incentive prices for coconut and its products. Presentation of Data For starting of any business, we required some market research data. Data may be primary or secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected for the first time. And the secondary data are those data which are collected from secondary sources like research paper, circulars, guidelines, magazines etc. We have to gather data which can help us in determining the feasibility of project. Here in this business plan we have collected primary data through questionnaire and interview method. Also we have studied some important data from government agency like Coconut Development Board (CDB), Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) etc. Following are the data was collected. Consumer Survey was carried out. Around 1000 Questionnaire were filled out. 65% respondents chosen natural health Coconut Water Out of this 65%; the proportion of age group of 18-35 years was around 70%. Market Availability/ Market Potentiality The coconut is not only significant in socio cultural needs of our society, but also has gained considerable importance in the national economy as a potential source ofemployment and income generation among the plantation crops. In India soft drink and juice industry is very vast. India has a diverse agro-climatic condition due to which there exists a wide-ranging and large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer sugarcane, coconut etc. If we set up a plant, the availability of raw materials and infrastructure would be available to the entrepreneur. Indian soft drink market is valued to be Rs.7100 crore: In India soft drink companies have captured a large amount of market for colas and juice products. This is because of two reasons. First is India has a large population which can afford to consume a cola product with a reasonable price. Second is penetration of marketing activities carried out by marketers. In India the market for natural and health drink like coconut water has not surpassed too much. The reason may be lack of advertising efforts and lack of awareness among people about the coconut water benefits. So if we just turn the preference of 1% of the soft drink colas consumers, it will be great or huge market for coconut water. This is the reason of focusing on soft drink market. The carbonated drinks are the mainstay and accounts for 85% of the total soft drink market. There are also around 15% of the consumers prefer juice market. So they can be a less efforts required to shift their preference. Coconut water can be the part of the $19 billion sports drink market globally: In todays fast and stressful situation energy drink and sport drink are becoming more and more famous and favorable choice of consumers. Sports drink is useful to Athletes and sports enthusiasts to replenish electrolytes lost in perspiration. Coconut water contains more nutrition than any commercial sport drink. India being the less developed in nutritional level and governments interest in growing up of nutritional products: Indias rank in health development and facilities is very lower. As the time passes, government is also taking interest in increasing the nutritional product expansion and health of the public gets superior. So it may be steering point for development of coconut water. Benefits of the product First of all to start any of the business, we have to think about the benefits of the products and how it will be marketed so that the maximum utilities of the product can be possible. The water of tender Coconut is a sterile, nutritious, thirst quenching health drink. The pure and sweet tender coconut possesses enormous therapeutic properties and is a thirst quenching refreshing health drink for all age groups. Tender coconut water has the same level of electrolytic balance as we see in our blood. Numerous medicinal properties of tender coconut water reported are:   (Given by Coconut Development Board) Good for feeding infants suffering from intestinal disturbances.   Oral rehydration medium Contains organic compounds possessing growth promoting properties Keeps the body cool Application on the body prevents prickly heat and summer boils and subsides the rashes caused by small pox, chicken pox, measles, etc. Kills intestinal worms Presence of saline and albumen makes it a good drink in cholera cases Checks urinary infections.   Excellent tonic for the old and sick Useful for different diseases Useful to Athletes and sports enthusiasts to replenish electrolytes lost in perspiration. Can be injected intravenously in emergency case. Ingredients Nutritional Facts As everyone knows about health benefits of coconut water. Coconut water is also used for long term benefits like smoothly digestion system, smooth urine system, maintains body temperature etc. In coconut water main ingredients has been elaborated as follows. These all facts about nutrition is taken into consideration per 100 ml of coconut water. Nutrition (Per 100 ml) Potassium (mg %) 247 Sodium (mg %) 48 Minerals (mg %) 0.5 Fat (mg %) 0.1 Calcium (mg %) 40 Magnesium (mg %) 15 Phosphorous (mg %) 6.3 Iron (mg %) 79 Copper (mg %) 26 Protein (mg %) 0.1 Production Process The process from the starting to its final products is very easy. It does not require a high degree of mechanicals or engineering process. Coconut Water of 6-7 month stage is first filtered through pressure filters and then mixed with the desired proportion of additives plus sugar and concentrated to the appropriate level. The water is then packed in pouches/cans and retorted in an autoclave, after which it is cooled in a stream of cold water. List of machinery to be used: Coconut   water collection tank  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Autoclave Filter  Ã‚   Additive mixing tank  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   coconut water storage tank  Ã‚   Volumetric filling machine   Baby boiler  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Raw material  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10000 Coconuts Final product 3100 litres Driving Forces for Coconut Water At the time of setting up of any business, we have to see possibilities or factors that can help us in developing/expanding our product line. Generally these are called driving forces of the product. Following are the driving forces for the coconut water. Abundant availability of raw material: As we have seen that the India being the 3rd largest producers of coconut nuts globally. This production of crop has spread over the many states and union territories of India. So we can be sure about the continuously supply of raw materials throughout the year. The main season of procuring raw material is monsoon. Convenient in moving to final consumers: Generally, a coconut nut is heavy in weight and sometimes makes it difficult to carry in bulk. Even the time has come for packaged food and processing items. The marketability of packaged food and beverages has increased tremendously since last decades. So if coconut water is packaged in tetra pack or aluminum can or pouch, it will be convenient in carrying at different places for different time. Increasing awareness about health consciousness: In todays time people are tend to be more health conscious and prefer to natural eatable items. More specifically in metro cities or urban areas people have suffered too much from the disease and they are bearing the cost of hygiene foods. It is the result that coconut industry has developed by 2-3 times.Increasing dieses due to the soft drinks have awaked public more. Pure natural and hygiene product by sciences: In todays competitive era, everything has to be prove and get it to be certified and registered with the concerned agency for consumption. Coconut water is declared as pure natural and health drink by science. So it may also increase the chances of convincing people to shifts their choice. Liberal Government policy towards healthier eatable items: Government is also helping for promotion of healthy food and beverages. So for the coconut water promotion government policy may not be as strict as in the case of some others products. Increasing demand of By product like Ethanol coconut oil etc.: It has been increasing amount of petroleum products. Thereby spreading pollutions and decreasing volumes of non-renewable sources of energy. Lignocellulose can be used for this purpose. 9. Target market In the very beginning before launching of any product one has to think about their target market. Who will be their target customers?For the successful launching of Coconut Water in the market, following consumers would be targeted. Youth people [ India being the youngest country in world] Old aged people Patients (Strong Focus) Children Ladies [specially for pregnant ladies] India is the youth nation in the world. And youth people are tend to be more health awareness. Also India has a lot of opportunities for the patients as we have large number of sick people every year. We can also target pregnant ladies. Because even the doctors are also suggesting to drink coconut water as a good medicine. 10. Marketing and Communication As we have studied earlier that the reason for not popularity of coconut water product into the market. So here extremely efforts would be towards the marketing and communication aspects of marketing mix. Here we can consider important factors that affects to the final consumers. i.e. four Ps of marketing viz. Price Product Place Promotion. Pricing: Price of the product is very crucial and determinant of profit from that product. Especially here in the case of coconut water as we have to enter in that market which is dominated by giant companies with their giant operations of efficiency and marketing campaigns. At this stage we can go for two options that is capturing market share with lower pricing and creating awareness among public. And other option is charging competitive pricing with colas companies. Pricing @ introductory stage: Here we go with this option preferably. At the introductory stage of launching of product we have to pull huge customer attention. So we will keep our pricing at lower margin compare to the soft drink colas companies. At the initial stage we have decided price of Rs. 15 per 300 ml bottle. Competitive pricing to soft drinks and colas: As we start to grow our product into market, and research talks about the consumer awareness about coconut water into the market; we will be able to charge competitive pricing to the colas companies. Product: The second P of marketing is Product itself. It states following: How should be the product? How should it be packed in attractive way? How should it be in size etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? How should it be looking externally? Here we will in the initial stage focus on 300 ml packaged in aluminum can. Afterwards in family size of 1 ltr,1.5 ltr and 5 ltr bottle. The main focus is on the external looking of the packing. Place: This P of marketing states about how product should be placed at different places so that there is maximum possibilities of sell. Place for Coconut Water includes following: Hospital region College areas Sports areas Gym Khana Malls Central areas etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ coffee houses or high end snack shops With the hope of moving the product into a more mainstream setting, our distribution strategy aims at selling to larger distributors that directly capture our niche target markets. We plan on expanding from smaller localized grocery stores into mainstream action sport retailers including: Sports Chalet, Sports Authority, larger surf retailers, 24 Hour Fitness, and Golds Gym. Our plans to move into these distribution channels with confidence, knowing the growing demand from our current selective target market. Promotion: Promotion may be of two types i.e. product promotion and sale promotion. Product promotion : Promotion of the products means making products more popular among the general public. Product promotion of Coconut Water includes:- Advertising. Free sample distribution. Health awareness programs. Social networking sites etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Yoga centers Sales promotion: Sales promotion means how to increase short run sales of the products. It denotes short run increase in sales. For the Coconut Water it includes:- Discounted pricing for big quantities like family pack, executive pack or party packing. Presenting lucky draw prizes. Sponsoring some social events. Point of purchase 11. By products In todays competitive era, cost reduction and maximum utilization of available resources has become very much important. It means in the production process, there should be a minimum wastage. Every component should be utilized as possible as their extent. Following are the coconut by products. Ethanol (lignocellulose waste): Though it is too much difficult to get liquid in terms of ethanol from wastage of shelf that is called lignocellulose waste. The reason for this coconut shelf has a large amount of glucose and minerals. If we are using huge amount of coconut shelf, it will be available for the by product. Coconut oil: There are so many producers in the market who makes coconut hair oil and also coconut edible oil. Coconut oil is used in the country as a cooking fat, hair oil, body oil and industrial oil. Coconut oil is made from fully dried copra having maximum moisture content of six per cent. Steam cooking of copra is also practiced by some millers to enhance the quality and aroma of oil. Refined coconut oil is also manufactured in the country for industrial uses. Refined coconut oil is mainly used in the manufacture of biscuits, chocolates and other confectionery items, ice cream etc. 12. Export Opportunities Today the extent of international trade has increased by many folds. Considering it as an opportunity we can also look forward for export efforts of coconut water in packaged form. The countries like UAE, USA, Japan and UK are the major export destination for the products. Because these are the nations which have applied and maximum users of the product. Even this nations government also plays an active role in marketing of this healthy product. First and foremost we have to acquire IEC (Import Export Code). This code can be availed through the DGFT i.e. Director General of Foreign Trade. Other than this there are so many documents required for fulfillment of the regulations like LC, Leding Letter, GR form, FEC A/c with RBI, quality certificate, contract with the overseas and domestic depository banks etc. We can also set up our plant at SEZ or EOU to avail the various government skims and subsidies. 13.Cost Analysis The very important aspect of any product or service is its price. Cost analysis includes from the beginning i.e. from the procurement of raw materials until it reaches to the final consumers. It is consisting of direct and indirect expenses. Purchase Rs. 4.50 per unit Other Cost Rs. 6.00 per unit 1. Transportation Cost. 2. Marketing Cost. 3. Packaging Cost. 4. Office Cost. 5. Other Cost. Total Cost per Unit: Rs. 10.50 Selling price : Rs. 15.00 Less (Total cost): Rs. 10.50 Profit per unit: Rs. 4 .50 Financial Aspects As we know finance is a blood for any organization. As our body will not work without blood. Similarly business activities cannot be worked or done without availability of finance. Here in this B plan we have taken model for coming five years. We have calculated financial flow for five years. Because at least we should be clear about next five years about our business, though not at all sure. Investment: Total machinery cost : Rs. 12 lakhs Other Fixed cost : Rs. 20 lakhs (Including Working Capital) Total cost Rs. 32 lakhs Total revenue : Net revenue in 1 year : Rs. 54,00,000 Total net revenue in 5 years : Rs. 3,22,82,700 Here machinery cost includes different types of machine required for carrying out the process. Other fixed cost includes land expenses, depreciation expenses, some lease expenses etc. Year wise calculation of revenue and growth Year Sales (units) Per Unit Price (Rs.) Total Value (Amount) % Growth 1 3,60,000 15 54,00,000 2 3,78,000 15 56,70,000 5 3 4,08,240 15 61,23,600 8 4 4,57,240 15 68,58,600 12 5 5,48,700 15 82,30,500 20 Total 21,52,180 03,22,82,700 Here we are setting target of monthly sales of 30,000 units thereby yearly sales in units will be around 3,60,000 units. By multiplying this by sales price of Rs. 15, we get net revenue of Rs. 54,00,00 at the end of 1st year. In the second year, we are setting target of 5% increase in sales volumes in 3rd year 8%, in 4th year 12% and in the last year 20% growth in sales volume. If we sum up, we will have earned net revenue of Rs. 3,22,82,700 in five years of time (assuming that the selling price would remain the same and growth target will be achieved through). Profit Calculation: Net revenue : Rs. 03,22,82,700 Less fixed cost: Rs. 32,00,000 Less Variable cost: Rs. 2,25,97,890 Net Surplus: - For five years Rs. 64,84,810 Average profit per year Rs. 12,96,962 BREAK EVEN POINT: FIXED COST Rs.32,00,000 - = - CONTRIBUTION Rs. 4.50 7,11,111 UNITS =============== BEP means at this stage No profit No loss. So it means till the sales volume of 7,11,111 units we will not have a profit. In second option if we want profit every year, we have to write off equal proportion of fixed cost from profit. 15 .Financial Feasibility of Project Before investing any amount in a project investor will think about its return. For this there are various method can be applied like Pay Back Period (PBP) method, IRR method or Net Present Value (NPV) method. Among this NPV is considered to be an appreciable method as it takes into account present value of future inflow. So here we will use NPV method to analyze the financial viability of project. Net Revenue Variable cost Fixed cost = Net surplus (In Rupees) Year Net Revenue (Rs.) Variable Cost (Rs.) Fixed Cost (Rs.) Net surplus (Rs.) PV factor @ 12% NPV (Rs.) 1 54,00,000 37,80,000 6,40,000 9,80,000 0.893 8,75,140 2 56,70,000 39,69,000 6,40,000 10,61,000 0.797 8,85,617 3 61,23,600 42,86,520 6,40,000 11,97,080 0.712 8,52,320 4 68,58,600 48,01,020 6,40,000 14,17,580 0.636 9,01,580 5 82,30,500 57,61,350 6,40,000 18,29,150 0.567 10,37,128 Total 32,00,000 45,51,787 We will calculate NPV @ 12% rate of return i.e. our required rate of return. We have total fixed cost of Rs. 32,00,00 spreading in five years of life. So per year we will write off equal proportion which is Rs. 6,40,000. So we will get net surplus every year by deducting variables and fixed cost from net revenue. If NPV > 1 project is selected If NPV If NPV = 1 project may be selected Conclusion: Here in this project NPV > 1. So project should be selected. As the total sum of future flow at present is greater than its investment made. Here our NPV is Rs. 45,51,787 and our investment outlay was Rs. 32,00,000. . Challenges/ Limiting factors for growth Market Dominated by soft drinks companies: As we can see in the market that the colas and drinking market is well dominated by giant colas companies. So As a new player in the market it will be tough to sell our product. And specially to convince to try a new one which is not entertaining or any status to the final consumers. So we have to work upon this and have to make proper strategies and programs to capture a market share. High popularity of soft drinks and colas among youths: As our youth people are most consuming colas. There is too much marketing penetration on youth. So Ill be difficult task to make our product more popular. Because unless our product is popular, no one is going to buy it or no one will know about our existence in the market. We have to divert maximum efforts towards the marketing funda. Challenges to maintain health standard of product as it is a natural product: As we are marketing our product as a natural product, we have to be very quality conscious and obey standards set by various laws. If we fail in that, competitors will take advantage of it and they will start spreading wrong rumors into market which will cause our ultimate sales volumes. From the view point of lower income society, it is an Exploiting business. As it reduces their employment: In majority case, coconuts are sold by small vendors on the roadside. Generally they are lower class people. They run their family on daily income basis. So if we start selling coconut water in packaged form, it may happen that small vendors sales will decline and consequently there will be negative impact on the family running. So they may also start a unethical social activities. So we have to find out solution to overcome these challenges. Here we can make them our vendors. And also we can follow the model of supplier and franchise. No longer life/Changes in taste in long period of time: If the coconut water comes in touch with air, within 24 hours it will spoil. We will not be able to drink it. The reason is some important bacteria evaporate from it. So as a solution we have to use scientific preservative technology and packaging techniques. Here we can add some additives which is natural and not harmful. We cant mix any hazardous chemicals like soft drink colas. 17. Laws For doing any business we have to follow the rules and regulations, policies of government laws. Here especially we are in processed and packaged food business. Also we are dealing with agro food as raw materials. So we have to take into consideration various laws. Below is the list of laws that we have to consider. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954 The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 The Standards of Weights and Measures (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 1977 The Insecticide Act, 1968. Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. Environment Protection Act, 1986. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 18. Conclusion As it is a natural and energy product People are becoming more health conscious Coming time is of natural items Market is broad Raw material and environment is appreciable Healthy government policies and subsidies Every coin has two sides. Similarly it has also pros and cons of starting up of unit. But after analyzing facts and situation, the more possible weight goes towards its favorable.

Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services

Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARA-TRANSIT TRANSPORT SERVICES IN NIGERIAN TOWNS: THE CASE OF MOTORCYCLE TRANSPORT IN ABRAKA ATUBI, AUGUSTUS 0. ABSTRACT The thrust of this article is on the desirability of motorcycles in Abraka region as a means of para-transit transportation. The paper examines the existing mode of para-transportation in Abraka region, and discovers that commuters in Abraka region are increasingly patronizing motorcycles as a mode of transport. Also, with the poor conditions of roads in Abraka, most parts of Abraka are denied access to public transport services. In the light of this, a vast number of commuters have now resorted to the services of motorcycle transport in spite of the social risks and incessant cases of accidents associated with this mode of transport. This study discovers through Pearson’s Product Moment correlation coefficient analysis that there is a high significant relationship between the standard of living of cyclists and motorcycle business in the study area. The paper ends by highlighting issues, which should be incorporated in a comprehensive urban transport policy to make motorcycle transport safe and efficient as a para-transit mode of transport in Abraka region. INTRODUCTION The need for an efficient public transport service to cater for the demands of urban commuters cannot be overstressed. Public transport systems are more efficient means of transporting large numbers of people between and within settlements than private cars (Adeniji, 1983). In contemporary transportation lexicon, two major types of public transport systems are defined. These are the conventional public transport system and the para-transit or intermediate systems of public transport. The para-transit or intermediate systems are so called because they include all systems of urban transport, between the private car on the one hand of the scale and the conventional public transport system on the other (Adeniji, 1983). Para-transit modes of transport in developed countries include such systems as car pools, rental cars, specialized commuter bus services provided on a subscription basis, as well as taxi cab related services like dial-a-bus and motorcycles. In the less developed countries, para-transit modes are usually referred to as intermediate modes of public transport. They include the shared taxi cab, mini buses, modified vehicles such as the jeepneys of Manila in the Philippines (Grava, 1977), silos of Chien Mai in Thailand (Fourcare and Manundes, 1977), Molue of Lagos in Nigeria (Olayemi, 1979), Beenos of Surabaya in Indonesia (Fouracre and Manuder, 1978), the cycle rickshaws community found in most Asian cities (Jacob and Fouracre, 1976) and â€Å"Going† in Nigerian Towns, (Okoko, 1990). In recent years, the prohibitive prices of brand new cars and buses have resulted in the reduction of the number of private cars and commercial vehicles generally on our urban roads. Even the fairly used imported cars and buses (Tukunbo) are beyond the reach of the majority of our people. As a result of these factors, there has been a tremendous demand for public transport in our towns in recent years. It is now a common sight to see hundreds of passengers at bus stations or along road sides waiting for hours for the few buses and taxis on the road (Okoko, 1998), This scenario has necessitated the introduction of motorcycles as a means of para-transit transport in Nigeria towns. It first gained prominence in the Cross River State the l970s where it was variously referred to as â€Å"Aka-Uke† or â€Å"Ala-Olok†. This mode has now diffused to other Nigeria towns including Lagos and Abuja. It is now the dominant mode of transport in most of our urban centres e.g. Uyo Calabar, Nasarawa etc. It is variously referred to â€Å"Okada† in the Mid-West belt regions of Nigeria and â€Å"Abacha† in Northern Nigeria. The motorcycle mode has had the advantage of flexibility and door-to-door service especially in towns where the road network does not permit an efficient operation of taxi service. The major problem associated with it is the high number of accident cases often resulting in the death of both the cyclist and the passenger or commuter. Table 1, shows some para-transit modes and their relative performance characteristics. Most of these modes are very popular in Asian and Latin American countries where they are employed both in rural and urban areas. These modes are recommended for use in our towns and rural areas where conventional mass transit facilities are inadequate. In rural areas where the population is less than 50,000, privately operated para-transit modes are adequate. In settlements where the population is between 50,000-100,000 para-transit and privately operated omnibuses are adequate. Mass transit public transport services are recommended for settlements with a population size of over 100,000 inhabitants (Adeniji, 1986). In recent years, with the aid of motorcycling, Abraka community has experienced an unprecedented general economic boom, which has encouraged the increased diversification of local industries and commercial activities. Atubi and Onokala (2004b) stated that â€Å"in human geography, one of the most fundamental themes is spatial interaction. That spatial interaction involves the movement of goods and services and people between various centres in space. In general, when constructing or improving a road network where economic constraints apply, they said, the most economical solution for one road link may not necessarily be the best solution for the network as a whole. That the cost of implementing one project to high standards may consume resources that would be better spent over the whole network, or in filling other gaps in the network with lower standard roads†. The influence of political policies on the transport facilities in metropolitan Lagos was also examined by Sada (1970) where he maintained that politics had more than desired influence on the city network and this is irrational to objective planning of transport network in such a large city. He further said that until the city was given a new dimension such as planning and reversing same existing policies, the problems of traffic in Lagos would still continue to be in existence. Furthermore, for any meaningful division of labour and specialization in production process to take place in any society such as Abraka, there must be an efficient and effective means of transport (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a). The various feeder roads and paths are constructed to connect the interior parts of the region and this gives room or serve as an advantage to motorcycle transport system in Abraka region. METHODOLOGY Data for this article were collected through questionnaire survey in Abraka region. Questionnaires were administered randomly/systematically on respondents. This article specially aims at examining the influence of motorcycle transportation with emphasis on employment opportunities of respondents. For the purpose of achieving the aim eighty (80) questionnaires were administered. For effective administration of the questionnaires the region was subdivided into three (3) regions or zones Viz: Ekrejeta Road, Kwale Road and Abraka-urban Road. The statistical techniques employed include means and percentages as well as the Pearson’s Product Movement Correlation Coefficient (P.P.M .C.C.) THE RESEARCH FINDINGS Table 1: Basic Para-Transit Modes and their Performance Characteristics Source: Howe, J (1983) Conceptual Framework for Defining and Evaluating Improvements for Local Level Rural Transport in Developing Countries (Geneva, H. 0.) Dept. 1983, Pp. 3 7-39. Table 2: Importance of Motorcycle Transportation Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes No 77 3 96 4 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. From the table above, it was clearly shown that the importance of motorcycle as a mode of transportation in Abraka region cannot be over-emphasized. It is observed that 96% of the respondents are of the view that motorcycle transportation has played an important role in Abraka region while only 4% disagreed. Also, the movement of people, goods and information are being facilitated via motorcycle transport. Table 3: Ownership of Motorcycle Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes (My own) No (Hired) 29 51 36 64 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. Sixty-four percent (64%) of the respondents agreed that most of the motorcycles in use in Abraka community for transport purposes are hired and thirty-six (3 6%) are of the view that the motorcycle used in Abraka are privately owned. Therefore, the lot of motorcycles in Abraka region are hired meaning that the users (cyclists) are operating on a â€Å"balance and take† basis. That is the motorcyclist pays the owner of the machine certain amount of money depending on the terms of agreement after which the machine becomes that of the cyclist. Table 4: Monthly Income Through Motorcycling Amount Response Percentage (%) Below N2,000 N2,000- N4,000 N4,000-N6000 N6,000- N8,000 Above N8,000 23 24 12 8 13 29 30 15 10 16 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. It could be deduced from the above table that the majority of the cyclists earn between N2,000 and N4,000 monthly. This is followed by those cyclists that earn below N2,000 per month. From the table 30% and 29% earn between N2,000 and N4,000 and below N2,000 monthly respectively. Table 5: Time of Operation/Service Time Response Percentage (%) Below 10 a.m 10a.m-4p.m. 4p.m-7p.m. Above7p.m. Always 23 17 19 11 9 29 21 24 14 11 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. The table above shows that the time of operation is mostly in the morning between 10.00 a.m. and reduces until the evening from 4.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. The peak hour of operation being in the morning and evening in Abraka region could be as a result of people going to their various places of work and their return back home. These periods have the highest percentages of 30 and 24 respectively. Following the peak hours are the hours betweens 10.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. with a percentage rate of2l. This could be because of parents going on â€Å"school run†. Table 6: Fare/Charge Per-Distance Alternatives Response Percentage (%) Yes No 41 39 51 49 Total 80 100 Source: Field Survey, 2004. The responses from the table above means that the fare per distance is likely determined by the passenger and the cyclist, 51% of the respondents agreed that the charge per distance during operation is constant while 49% disagreed. Meaning that, the charge varies with distance. This could be as a result of the operation hour because the fare at night or during bad weather (rainfall) and even during period of fuel scarcity fare tends to vary with distances. During such period, it is the bargaining power between the passenger and the cyclist that determined the fare. Nevertheless, the charge within Abraka region is relatively constant. Table 7: Standard of living through income Received and Motorcycling (observed Frequency) Alternatives Ekrejeka Rd. Kwale Road Abraka-Urban Road total Strongly Agreed Agreed Partially agreed Disagreed 17 2 7 1 12 4 9 1 19 1 5 2 48 7 21 4 Total 27 26 27 80 Source: Field survey, 2004, From table 7 above, the calculated value of the correlation coefficient is 0.90 approximately (see table 9). It could be deduced therefore, that as income increases through motorcycling, the standard of living of the cyclists also increases at 0.05 level of significance. Table 8: Increase in Motorcycle and the population of Abraka Region Alternatives Ekrejeka Rd. Kwale Road Abraka-Urban Road total Strongly Agreed Agreed Partially agreed Disagreed 2 7 5 13 3 6 3 14 1 1 0 25 6 14 8 52 Total 27 26 27 80 Source: Field survey, 2004. From the calculated values in table 8, (see table 9), the calculated value of the data using the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient is approximately 0.89. From table 9, it also implies that 20.79% of the population of Abraka can be explained by increase in motorcycle activities while 79.2 1% cannot be attributed to increase in motorcycle activities which could be due to other reasons. Table 9: A correlation Table of Population and Motorcycle increase in Abraka Region Table 10: Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle Transportation Source: Computed from Table 8, 2004 The calculated value derived from table 10 above using the Pearson’s Product Movement Correlation Coefficient is appropriately 0.86 (see table 11). Also, 26.04% of the employment opportunity can be explained by motorcycle transport in Abraka region while 73.96% cannot be explained and may be due to other factors. Table 11:. Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle Transportation From table 11, there was a high and positive correlation between employment opportunity and motorcycle transportation in Abraka region. From this brief and simple analysis, the fact that motorcycle transportation has a role to play in the employment of youths in the study area is incontestable. ISSUES FOR POLICY FORMULATION The time has come for us to accept the indispensability of motorcycle transport in Abraka region. The availability of a comprehensive and up-to-date information on vehicle population in the country makes it difficult to have an accurate car ownership ratio per capita for the country. Recent phenomenal increases in the prices of imported cars, both brand new ones and fairly used cars otherwise known as â€Å"tokunbo†, have made it difficult for the average Nigerian to own a car. Even motorcycles and bicycles are now priced out of the reach of the middle and low income households in the country (Adeniji, 1986). In the light of the poor economic situation in the country, there is need for the government to give an official recognition to the operation of motorcycle transport in Nigeria. The operation of motorcyclists should be streamlined such that it should not be a case of any body just picking up his motorcycle and going into business. Just like the National Road Transport Workers Union that monitors the operation of taxis and buses, a similar body should also be set up to oversee the operation of motorcyclists. Every motorcyclist should be made to register with this body before he is allowed to operate. This body should issue identity cards and uniforms for easy identification by commuters. In addition to this, the procedure for the issuance of driving licenses should be reviewed. Every motorcyclist should have either a license or a permit before he is allowed to operate the motorcycle. The Government should reconsider the idea of introducing crash-helmets for the use of both the cyclist and the passenger. The importance of crash-helmets cannot be over-emphasized s they protect the head from severe injury whenever accidents occur. Urban roads should from now henceforth be designed to accommodate cycle-ways. This will reduce cut throat competition for urban road space by cyclists, motorists and pedestrians thereby reducing the rate of accidents on our roads. Existing traffic bye-laws and regulations should be reviewed to accommodate the motorcycle mode and conscious efforts should be made to ensure their enforcement. CONCLUSION Transport of any kind is concomitant and a prerequisite to the development of any modem society. It is indispensable in the economy of any society hence it has increased the socio-economic development of Abraka region. This research has revealed that motorcycle business has a significant effect in the provision of employment, increase in the standard of living of the cyclists and a corresponding increase in the population of Abraka region. REFERENCES Adeniji, K. (1983): â€Å"Urban Development and Public Transport in Nigeria† Third World Planning Review, Vol.5, No.4, Pp. 383-394. Adeniji, K. (1986) â€Å"Public Transportation in Nigeria: where do we go from here?† Paper delivered at the NISER Seminar Series, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp. 1-22. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004a) â€Å"Road Transportation and the Socio-Economic Development of the Niger Delta: A case study of Warn Metropolis†. Journal of Social and Management Sciences Review Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 102-113. Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b) â€Å"The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks: The Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria†. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics, Vol. 2, Pp. 140-15 1. Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1977): â€Å"Public Transport in Cheng Mai, Thailand† Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 285. Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1978) â€Å"Public Transport in Swiabaya, Indonasia† Crawthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 370. Grava, S. (1977): â€Å"The Jeepneys of Manila† Traffic Quartet, Vol. 26,No. 4, Pp.465-483. Jacobs, G.D. and Fouracre, P.R. (1976) Further research on road accident rates in developing countries. TRRL complementary Report27O. Crowthorne Okoko, F. (1990) â€Å"For an Effective â€Å"Going System†. The Standard Newspaper, Jos, Nigeria. Wed. July 25, p. 9 Okoko, F. (1998) â€Å"The Demand For Para-Transit Transport Services in Nigerian Towns: The case of Motorcycle Transport in Akure. Journal of Transport Studies, Vol.2, No. 1 Olami, O.A. (1979): â€Å"Intra-city Personal Travel in Metropolitan Lagos† Ibadan, NISER, University of Ibadan, Reprinted Series Number.1 11 Sada, P.O. (1970): â€Å"Political Policies and the Development of Transportation in Metropolitan Lagos. Nigerian Geographical Journal Vol. 13, No.2.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: Biographies Bio Biography

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was more than just an author. He was a knight, a soldier, a spiritualist, a whaler, a doctor, a journalist, and most of all, he was an adventurer. He was not the quiet type of person, and he thoroughly enjoyed expressing himself. Arthur Conan Doyle was born on the 22nd of May 1859 in Picardy Place, Edinburgh. The second child of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley, he was thought to have been named after the legendary medieval king, Arthur of the Round Table. Doyle was also named after his granduncle, Michael Edward Conan. He was of Irish descent, and was of the Roman Catholic religion. Doyle had a grandfather, John Doyle. He was political cartoonist who financially supported the family. Doyle had a pretty rough home life because his father was an alcoholic. As he grew up, Doyle had to take more of the responsibilities around the house into his own hands, because his father was either too sick or drunk to fulfill his daily work at home. Doyle's mother, Mary Foley, was a homemaker who took care of her son Arthur and his brothers and sisters, and also worked and cleaned the house everyday. Doyle's early education started when he was about seven years old. His mother spent lots of time reading with him and tutoring him, because this is what she thought he needed to become a cultured gentleman. When Doyle was ten years old he left home and went to the Jesuit Preparatory school named Hodder House. This was a boarding school for young boys. Arthur hated this school. Doyle once stated that Hodder House "was a little more pleasant than being confined in a prison." While attending Hodder House, he studied chemistry, poetry, geometry, arithmetic, and grammar. After his experiences at Jesuit Preparatory school, he left and applied for Stonyhurst Academy. Doyle was accepted for enrollment into Stonyhurst and remained there for about five more years. While at Stonyhurst, Doyle, who excelled in cricket, demonstrated some very early signs of literary talent. At the academy, he became quite good at telling stories and reading aloud. His favorite childhood writer was Mayne Reid, who wrote The Scalp Hunters. This was his favorite book while he was progressing through life. During his last year before attending medical school, Doyle went to Feldkirch, a school in Austria. While attending Feldkirch, he began to question his faith in the Roman Catholic religion.

Analysis of The Scarlett Letter Essay -- Literary Analysis

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a man of business, politics, nature, morals, dedication and imagination who was greatly haunted by the actions of his Puritan ancestors (Gollin 360). Being one of the pioneers of noteworthy American literature, Hawthorne used the issues of his time and the history of Puritan New England as his settings. He was the son of Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Manning and was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. After his father’s death, Hawthorne and his family moved to their mother’s house. Later, he went to Bowdoin College and graduated in 1825. Here, he became friends with future U.S. president Franklin Pierce. He lacked interest in medicine, ministry and law, so he chose to write (Gollin 358). Perchance in shame of sharing a tie with men like John and William Hathorne, he then added a w to his last name. His early works were short stories put into periodicals and eventually into the Twice Told Tales which earned him fame. Then, he spent a year at both the Boston Custom House and the utopian Brook Farm. Both of these experiences stifled his imagination, and so he left. After marrying Sophia Peabody and having children, Hawthorne became destitute. So, he earned through Democratic Party ties a stable job at the Salem Custom House but lost it when the Whigs took over. So, he began to write again and produced his greatest acclaimed works. Eventually, President Pierce appointed him as the U.S. consul in Liverpool. From Liverpool, he moved to Italy, where he wrote a novel, back to England and finally back to Concord, Massachusetts. There, he died on May 19, 1864. Hawthorne covered the literary gamut with children’s books and short stories to powerful novels. Ultimately, Hawthorne represents how the issues ... ...Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. Chicago: World, 2009. 114-115. Print. Delaney, Bill. â€Å"Hawthorne, Nathaniel.† Magill’s Survey of American Literature. Rev. ed. Pasadena: Salem, 2007. Literary Reference Center. Web. 23 Dec. 2010. . Gollin, Rita K. â€Å"Hawthorne, Nathaniel.† American National Biography. Ed. Garraty and Carnes. Vol. 10. New York City : Oxford UP, 1999. 356-363. Print. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Preface. The Scarlet Letter. By Hawthorne. New York City: Bantam, 1988. N. pag. Print. - - -. The Scarlet Letter. 1850. New York City: Bantam, 1988. Print. Liukkonen, Petri, and Ari Pesonen. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Kirjasto. N.p., 2008. Web. 23 Dec. 2010. .

Joseph Kony Essay

You all most likely have heard the name, Joseph Kony, and hand in hand, with that name you know that he is a leader of a group that abducts children and makes them act against their will. But for those who haven’t heard of him, Joseph Kony is one of the most wanted man in the world. But no one with the correct authority has even tried to stop him. And that’s why I’m here to tell you how Joseph Kony and his army can and need to be stopped. & that we need to do what we can to stop him Joseph Kony is the leader of rebels LRA, (Lord’s Resistance Army) he is not fighting for a cause, he is not at war against anyone, he is just fighting to uphold his power. Kony’s army rampages communities in Uganda, stealing all the children, training the boys to be soldiers, forcing them to kill their own parents and pushing the girls into sex slavery. Kony has not just kidnapped a few hundred children, in the past 10 years Kony has captured over thirty five thousand kids. Imagine if only one child was kid napped in Australia? It would be Breaking National News, imagine if it was your family in danger of such things. Our country is lucky and has the resources to help stop Kony, so why aren’t they. Many of you have probably seen the video that has gone viral on Facebook and twitter, it was made by a man called Jason Russell, he is the organizer and founder of the program Kony 2012, he is on a mission, alongside his own army of millions. Jason and everyone else that is trying to stop Kony are on a mission, a mission to make Kony famous, make him a household name everywhere and to stop him before December 2012. The video that was created has currently had over 87 and a half million views and has been talked about by some of the most famous celebrities around the world. You may joke or say that there are bigger problems that should be dealt with and this video and cause will die off in a month or two but to stop a problem you have to start somewhere. Millions of people are fighting for this cause and won’t give up. The US government have agreed to help arrest Kony but they will cancel the mission if it is not proven that people care about the him, as Kony is not an issue in America, people won’t care if they don’t know, so the video was made to make sure people know about Kony, You may think that you are only one person, how can you stop him, but it all starts with one person just like Jason, to sharing the link or donating to the Joseph Kony 2012 foundation. So to conclude I will just say, one person may not be able to make a difference by them self but if all those people stand up and try together, Joseph Kony will be stopped by the end of 2012.

Lord of the Flies- the Proof of Savagery

The Proof of Sav be onry When we rootage open our eyes to this vast world, we ar synchronously introduced to a civilized hostel. We argon taught in school to do the rightfulness issues and avoid wrong behavior appreciate and consideration is crucial, harassment and bullying is unacceptable. But, what if we ar placed on a abandon island, where in that location be no pre-established rules or norms for us to follow and stick to? Does our military man record reveal itself then?Do we start to believe in excerption of the fittest, thus lose all wizard of reason and pity? Do we allow for all the rules of purchase order finish? In skipper of the Flies by William Golding, a sort of boys argon forced to disclose to stomach harmoniously after a plane crash, which lands them in a abroad island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. In the process, some manage to remain noetic and in control, as their leader Ralph, whereas other(a)s step by step transform into savages and in timidators, as the aggressive hunter, trap.Golding introduces the austere contrast amidst civilization and heinousness and how man genius is exposed at critical moments through many symbolic representations that echoes throughout the book. The interactions between the honest-to-god and junior boys, the living organismie and decease ar deuce-ace of the many symbolisms that showing the different actions and thoughts of people placed in a difficult, or even insufferable situation. The saying Survival for the fittest is often seen in the wild, where stronger animals hunt dget the weaker ones.A civilized society educates people not to scornfully reject or put sight others. The group of boys on the island consists of some(prenominal) previous(a) and junior kids. The interactions between them show how human race nature can retain its purity and goodness, as well as reveal its self-loving and merciless side, exemplifying the conflict between civilization and barbarousn ess. jack up, Ralph and Piggy were three of the older boys. Jack, compelling and authoritative, often ignores the littluns and doesnt very care about their safety and needs.When the older boys are out hunting for the animate being, Ralph is bear on about who would take care of the miniature ones. Jack cries Sucks to the littluns (101), though he knew that there are possible dangers on the island, as previously a littlun with the paint on his face had vanished after mentioning about a ferocious snake. Piggy, despite his older age than the littluns, is laughed at and made fun of by everyone, including the tinier kids. Jack demonstrates the uncaring, self-cente exit aspect of human nature, which leads him to radually savagery while Ralph and Piggy two show the considerate and amiable nature of us. However, Piggy also reveals that being besides unopinionated and softhearted can result in being bullied and manipulated. As the plot progresses, we restrain how Jack stimulates i ncreasingly uncompassionate and callous, take out the littluns or merely use them to debunk his power and authority. When he separated from Ralphs group and lead the ignorant littluns to their get site, he abused Wilfred to show complete his capability. He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. (159) Roger recalled. After the commotion and showdown, The new beaten and untied Wilfred was snif? ng noisily in the background, (160) havent been penalize and harmed by no specific reason. Ralph is extremely nice and accepting to the littluns from start to finish, barely at the end of the novel, the littluns influenced by Jacks desire for blood and murder, are driven to hunt Ralph down as if he was an animal. Ralphs interaction with the circumstantial kids so the civilized side of human nature, with cannot sustain very long with the simultaneous presence of savagery.Piggy, unfortunately, met his end because of the Jack and his touch and corrupted minion littluns. The interactions be tween the older and younger boys prove that human nature become crystal clear in a desperate situation, scarcely evil and savagery usually unfortunately takes everywhere and attacks the civilized. attention is a small and inevitable expound inside each animal being. On the island, the boys worry and ponder over the beastie, qualification guesses about what it is, what it looks, what it wants etc.The beastie in the novel, does not outlast at all, its existence completely off-key by the boys having seen the dead pilot crashing down in fact, it symbolizes the fear within boys, and how their anxiety, head and panic are strengthened over time and reflect their transforming personalities. In the beginning, the boys very lead a carefree carriage on the island. In their innocent perpectives, the island was a paradise without the supervision of strict adults. However, as Jack and certain boys started to develop an fixation in hunting, their behavior brings the beast into existen ce.This invention of their imagination stands for the primal animal spirit of savagery. As the boys become increasingly savage, their article of belief beast grows stronger and more persuasive. Jack say When youre hunting, when youre on your own, you apprehension yourself feeling as if youre not hunting, butbeing hunted, as if somethings behind you all the time in the jungle. (53) Their assumption in the existence of the beast represent the breakdown of the civilized society and development of savagery.Towards the end of the novel, not only did the boys offer sacrifices to the beast so it wouldnt bother them, they even brutally killed Simon having mistook him for the felonious creature they had been forever dreading. Savagery had blind them completely, hindering their ability to tell whether the beast was real. Death may seem desire one of life natural processes, that everyone bequeath experience decease. However, in throughout this novel, the seemingly simple and uncompl icated word demise symbolizes the uncontrollable urge and yearning to but through flesh and spill blood.Death is crucial in the book because the ends of different characters rattling uncover how savage and insane the boys had become. In the beginning, when Ralph, Jack and Roger first-class honours degree encountered a piglet, Jack pulled out his knife in expression to kill it. But he couldnt perform the deed, and all three knew very well why he hadnt because of the enormity of the knife descending and slip into living ? esh because of the unbearable blood. (31) At that bode of time still, blood seems to be such(prenominal) a taboo subject that is unsupportable and disgusting.However, at least for Jack, the perception of this red fluid, and even death, totally changed after his first successful kill. From then on, Jack and the other boys have lost their sanity, from killing animals to their own kind, boys they had lived with for the past weeks. First, there was the unintenti onal death of Simon then, the deliberate murder of Piggy, and finally, the hunt for Ralph, forward which the boys consciously prepared for Roger even sharpen a stick at both ends. (190) Death is no longer a scary or distant thing for these ferocious boys.In contrast and in fact, since they had been viciously corrupted, they embraced the blood and flesh that came along with death. This symbol shows how uncivilized most of the boys had become over the course of their stay on the island. In conclusion, the conditions of the environment on the island in Lord of the Flies expose the true human natures of different characters in the novel. Some are naturally unforgiving and menacing, while others are rational and pleasant, even under boisterous or unimaginable situations.The interactions between the older and younger boys, the beastie and death are three symbols that showed the naked distinction between civilization and savagery. Regrettably, when people are not still or limited by al ready created rules, they tend to turn to cruelty, savagery, and barbarism. These vices spread more easily than do the virtues of remaining civilized, and this is why society crumbles and collapses without respected and obeyed laws which everyone is willing to live by in harmony and accord.